Thus, they were well aware that the Venetian navy underpinned that city’s republican institutions, much as the Athenian navy had protected rather than threatened the city’s democracy ...

By the 450s, Athens' successor cities and regions were essentially part of an empire. In the Delian League, Athens had the strongest navy which made it without question the strongest city state. As a ...

Once the Spartan force at Thermopylae had been defeated, his route by land to Athens was virtually undefended. Attica was seized by panic. The Athenians sought the wisdom of the Oracle of Delphi.

Unlike Athens to the north, Sparta was famed for its austerity—its “spartan” character—was, and is, proverbial. A state run by an inflexible military regime, whose people existed almost ...

Four years later, in 406, the Athenian navy won an important battle against the Spartan fleet. With a storm brewing, the Athenians immediately set sail for home, worried that by stopping to pick ...

Naval War College Review, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Winter 2018), pp. 119-139 (21 pages) The author would like to acknowledge that this research was supported by an Australian Government Research Training ...